![]() ![]() the IPA symbol for pharyngealization ( U+02C1 ˁ MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP or U+02E4 ˤ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP) or ʕ, a superscript U+0295 ʕ LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE, the IPA symbol for voiced pharyngeal fricative,.a superscript "c" ( U+1D9C ᶜ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL C),.U+0060 ` GRAVE ACCENT, from its use as single opening quotation mark in ASCII environments, used for ayin in ArabTeX.U+02BD ʽ MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA,.U+1FFE ῾ GREEK DASIA, the character used to represent Greek rough breathing,.There are a number of alternative Unicode characters in use, some of which are easily confused or even considered equivalent in practice: This convention has been adopted by ISO 233-2 (1993) for Arabic and ISO 259-2 (1994) for Hebrew. In Unicode, the recommended character for the transliteration of ayin is U+02BF ʿ MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING (a character in the Spacing Modifier Letters range, even though it is here not used as a modifier letter but as a full grapheme). See also: Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian § Unicode The informal way to represent it in Arabic chat alphabet uses the digit ⟨3⟩ as transliteration. The Somali Latin alphabet represents the ayin with the letter ⟨ c⟩. Maltese, which uses a Latin alphabet, the only Semitic language to do so in its standard form, writes the ayin as ⟨ għ⟩. In anglicized Arabic or Hebrew names or in loanwords, ayin is often omitted entirely: Iraq ʿirāq عراق, Arab ʿarab عرب, Saudi su ʿūdī سعودي, etc. The symbols for the corresponding phonemes in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨ʕ⟩ for pharyngeal fricative (ayin) and ⟨ʔ⟩ for glottal stop (alef) were adopted in the 1928 revision. Ī notable exception remains, ALA-LC (1991), the system used by the Library of Congress, continues to recommend modifier letter turned comma ⟨ʻ⟩ (for Hebrew) or left single quotation mark ⟨‘⟩ (for Arabic). This convention has since also been followed by ISO ( ISO 233-2 and ISO 259-2, 1993/4) and by DIN. The shape of the "raised semi-circle" for ayin ⟨ʿ⟩ and alef ⟨ʾ⟩ was adopted by the Encyclopedia of Islam (edited 1913–1938, 1954–2005, and from 2007), and from there by the International Journal of Middle East Studies. This convention has been adopted by DIN in 1982 and by ISO in 1984 for Arabic ( DIN 31635, ISO 233) and Hebrew ( DIN 31636, ISO 259). This is by analogy to the transliteration of alef ( glottal stop, hamza) by the Greek smooth breathing mark ⟨᾽⟩, rendered as single closing quotation mark or as raised semi-circle open to the left. Or as a raised semi-circle open to the right ⟨ʿ⟩ (e.g. ῾arab عَرَب Arabs).ĭepending on typography, this could look similar to either an articulate single opening quotation mark ⟨ʻ⟩ (e.g. In Semitic philology, there is a long-standing tradition of rendering Semitic ayin with the Greek rough breathing mark ⟨῾⟩ (e.g. The sound represented by ayin is common to much of the Afroasiatic language family, such as in the Egyptian language, the Cushitic languages and the Semitic languages.įurther information: Semitic romanization The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Ο, Latin O, and Cyrillic О, all representing vowels. The letter name is derived from Proto-Semitic *ʿayn- "eye", and the Phoenician letter had the shape of a circle or oval, clearly representing an eye, perhaps ultimately (via Proto-Sinaitic) derived from the ı͗r hieroglyph □ ( Gardiner D4). The Arabic character is the origin of the Latin-script letter Ƹ. The Phoenician letter is the origin of the Greek, Latin and Cyrillic letters O, O and O. ![]() In some Semitic languages and dialects, the phonetic value of the letter has changed, or the phoneme has been lost altogether (thus, in the revived Modern Hebrew it is reduced to a glottal stop or is omitted entirely in part due to European influence). The letter represents a voiced pharyngeal fricative ( / ʕ/) or a similarly articulated consonant. Ayin (also ayn or ain transliterated ⟨ ʿ⟩) is the sixteenth letter of the Semitic scripts, including Phoenician ʿayin □, Hebrew ʿayin ע, Aramaic ʿē □, Syriac ʿē ܥ, and Arabic ʿayn ع (where it is sixteenth in abjadi order only). ![]()
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